The Hoysala dynasty, a prominent ruling lineage of South India, governed a significant expanse of the Deccan Plateau region from the 10th to the 14th century CE. Their capital was Belur, and later shifted to the town that is today known as Halebidu. Renowned for their architectural endeavors, particularly in the creation of intricately carved temples, the dynasty flourished under the reigns of King Vishnuvardhana (c. 1108–1152 CE) and his grandson, King Veera Ballala II (c. 1173–1220 CE).
Functioning as patrons of art and architecture, the Hoysala rulers commissioned numerous temples and sculptures throughout their domain. The hallmark of Hoysala architecture lies in its elaborate stone carvings, embellishing temple exteriors with depictions from Hindu mythology, as well as motifs featuring animals, birds, and floral designs. Classified within the Karnataka Dravida tradition by scholar Adam Hardy, Hoysala architecture stands distinct from the Tamil architectural style prevalent further south. Among the renowned temples crafted by the Hoysalas are the Chennakesava Temple in Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple in Somanathapura, all recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites today.
Despite their architectural achievements, the Hoysala dynasty faced conflicts with neighboring powers such as the Cholas and the Yadavas of Devagiri. Nevertheless, they maintained their sovereignty for several centuries until succumbing to the invading forces of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Subsequently, the region fell under the rule of various other dynasties, marking the conclusion of the Hoysala era. However, their enduring architectural legacy continues to leave an indelible mark on South Indian history and culture, showcasing their profound influence on the region’s artistic landscape.
Here are some key features and characteristics of Hoysala architecture:
1. Star-Shaped Temples: Hoysala temples frequently exhibit a distinctive star-shaped layout known as “stella,” characterized by a central square mantapa (hall) surrounded by subsidiary shrines or pavilions. This configuration creates a star-like pattern when viewed from above.
2. Elaborate Stone Carvings: A defining feature of Hoysala architecture is its meticulously crafted stone carvings, which embellish the walls, pillars, and ceilings of temples. These carvings portray scenes from Hindu mythology, featuring deities, celestial beings, mythical creatures, and narratives from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
3. Horizontal Treatment: Hoysala temples commonly employ a horizontal arrangement of architectural elements, incorporating multiple friezes and bands of sculptures along the temple walls. Each band typically presents distinct themes or narratives, contributing layers of symbolism and visual appeal.
4. Lathe-Turned Pillars: The pillars within Hoysala temples exhibit intricate carvings and often display a turned appearance resembling a lathe, adorned with multiple decorative rings and motifs. These pillars provide support for the mantapa’s roof and contribute to the temple’s visually captivating interior.
5. Open-Air Mantapas: Many Hoysala temples feature open-air mantapas or pavilions designed as spaces for religious ceremonies, communal gatherings, and cultural events. Supported by elaborately carved pillars, these mantapas serve as integral components of the temple complex.
6. Vimanas and Shikharas: The superstructures (vimanas or shikharas) atop Hoysala temples typically maintain a relatively modest height compared to other South Indian temple styles. Crowned with ornate kalasha (water pot) finials, these structures are adorned with sculptural embellishments.
7. Hoysala Emblem: A recurring motif in Hoysala architecture is the Hoysala emblem, a boy- Sala, fighting a tiger. This emblem is commonly carved on temple exteriors, adding to the architectural ornamentation. It is recurring in all hoysala monuments.
Notable examples of Hoysala architecture:
Chennakesava Temple at Belur
Chennakesava Temple in Belur, dedicated to Lord Vishnu as Chennakesava (Beautiful Vishnu), was commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala dynasty in the 12th century. It took over a hundred years to complete and is renowned for its elaborate stone carvings adorning every surface of its exterior walls, pillars, and ceilings. These sculptures depict various episodes from Hindu mythology, including narratives from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bhagavata Purana. The temple is also admired for its intricate filigree work, delicate friezes, and ornate pillars.
Read more about the Chennakesava Temple in Belur.
The Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu
The Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was constructed in the 12th century during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana and his successors. Similar to the Chennakesava Temple, it boasts stunning stone carvings covering its exterior walls, depicting a diverse array of subjects, including deities, celestial beings, mythical creatures, and scenes from everyday life. Notably, the Hoysaleswara Temple is famed for its elaborate sculptures of dancing figures representing Shiva’s tandava, as well as its sizable monolithic Nandi (bull) statue. Despite remaining unfinished due to invasions, the temple stands as a masterpiece of Hoysala architecture.
Read more about the Hoysaleswara Temple.
Kesava Temple at Somanathapura
The Kesava Temple in Somanathapura presents another remarkable instance of Hoysala architectural prowess. Erected in the 13th century under the reign of King Narasimha III, this temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his form as Kesava. While smaller in scale compared to the Chennakesava and Hoysaleswara Temples, it showcases exceptional craftsmanship. Adorned with finely detailed sculptures portraying gods, goddesses, celestial beings, and mythological narratives, the Kesava Temple is lauded for its compact yet harmonious architectural design and meticulous carvings.
Additionally, temples in Belavadi, Amruthapura, Hosaholalu, Mosale, Arasikere, Basaralu, Kikkeri, and Nuggehalli showcase the craftsmanship of the Hoysalas. Hoysala architectural achievement continue to attract visitors from around the world with their beauty, craftsmanship, and historical significance, thus don’t miss out on experiencing the marvelous Hoysala architecture whenever you are visiting Belur and Halebidu.
Happy traveling : )
(The featured image is Keshava Temple (also spelt Chennakeshava or just Kesava) at Somanathapura, Karnataka, India in June, 2006 by Dineshkannambadi)
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